While many nineteenth–century reformers hoped to bring about reform through education or
by eliminating specific social evils, some thinkers wanted to start over and remark society by founding
ideal, cooperative communities. The United States seemed to them a spacious and unencumbered
country where models of a perfect society could succeed. These communitarian thinkers hoped their
success would lead to imitation, until communities free of crime, poverty, and other social ills would
cover the land. A number of religious groups, notably the Shakers, practiced communal living, but the
main impetus to found model communities came from nonreligious, rationalistic thinkers.
Among the communitarian philosophers, three of the most influential were Robert Owen,
Charles Fourier, and John Humphrey Noyes. Owen, famous for his humanitarian policies as owner of
several thriving textile mills in Scotland, believed that faulty environment was to blame for human
problems and that these problems could be eliminated in a rationally planned society. In 1825, he put
his principles into practice at New Harmony, Indiana. The community failed economically after a few
years but not before achieving a number of social successes. Fourier, a commercial employee in
France, never visited the United States. However, his theories of cooperative living influenced many
American through the writings of Albert Brisbane, whose Social Destiny of Man explained
Fourierism and its self-sufficient associations or “phalanxes”. One or more of these phalanxes was
organized in very Northern state. The most famous were Red Bank, New Jersey, and Brook Farm,
Massachusetts. An early member of the latter was the author Nathaniel Hawthorne. Noyes founded
the most enduring and probably the oddest of the utopian communities, the Oneida Community of
upstate New York. Needless to say, none of these experiments had any lasting effects on the patterns
of American society.
1. The main topic of the passage is........
A. nineteen-century schools. B. American reformers
C. the philosophy of Fourierism D. model communities in the nineteenth.
2. Which of the following is not given in the passage as one of the general goals of communitarian
philosophers?
A. To remake society B. To spread their ideas throughout the United State
C. To establish ideal communities D. To create opportunities through education.
3. The Shakers are mentioned in paragraph 1 as an example of.......
A. a communal religious group B. radical reformers
C. rationalistic thinkers D. an influential group of writers.
4. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word impetus in paragraph 1?
A. Stimulus B. commitment C. Drawback D. Foundation.
5. The “phalanxes” described in paragraph 2 were an idea originally conceived by....
A. Albert Brisbane B. Robert Owen C. Charles Fourier D. John Humphrey Noyes

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6. Why does the author mention Nathaniel Hawthorne in paragraph two?
A. He founded Brook Farm in Massachusetts.
B. He was a critic of Charles Fourier.
C. He wrote a book that led to the establishment of model communities.
D. He was at one time a member of the Brook Farm community.
7. Which of the following communities lasted longest?
A. New Harmony B. The Oneida Community C. Red Bank D. Brook Farm
8. The word oddest in paragraph 2 is closest meaning to which of the following?
A. Earliest B. Most independent C. Largest D. Most unusual
9. The author implies that, for readers, the conclusion of the paragraph is..........
A. obvious B. surprising C. absurd D. practical
10. Why did the author probably divide the passage into two paragraphs?
A. To compare nineteenth-century reforms with twentieth-century reforms.
B. To present an overview of a concept in the first paragraph and specific examples in the second.
C. To contrast the work of utopian thinkers with that of practical reforms.
D. To give the causes for a phenomenon in the first paragraph and its consequences in the second

Question

While many nineteenth–century reformers hoped to bring about reform through education or
by eliminating specific social evils, some thinkers wanted to start over and remark society by founding
ideal, cooperative communities. The United States seemed to them a spacious and unencumbered
country where models of a perfect society could succeed. These communitarian thinkers hoped their
success would lead to imitation, until communities free of crime, poverty, and other social ills would
cover the land. A number of religious groups, notably the Shakers, practiced communal living, but the
main impetus to found model communities came from nonreligious, rationalistic thinkers.
Among the communitarian philosophers, three of the most influential were Robert Owen,
Charles Fourier, and John Humphrey Noyes. Owen, famous for his humanitarian policies as owner of
several thriving textile mills in Scotland, believed that faulty environment was to blame for human
problems and that these problems could be eliminated in a rationally planned society. In 1825, he put
his principles into practice at New Harmony, Indiana. The community failed economically after a few
years but not before achieving a number of social successes. Fourier, a commercial employee in
France, never visited the United States. However, his theories of cooperative living influenced many
American through the writings of Albert Brisbane, whose Social Destiny of Man explained
Fourierism and its self-sufficient associations or “phalanxes”. One or more of these phalanxes was
organized in very Northern state. The most famous were Red Bank, New Jersey, and Brook Farm,
Massachusetts. An early member of the latter was the author Nathaniel Hawthorne. Noyes founded
the most enduring and probably the oddest of the utopian communities, the Oneida Community of
upstate New York. Needless to say, none of these experiments had any lasting effects on the patterns
of American society.
1. The main topic of the passage is........
A. nineteen-century schools. B. American reformers
C. the philosophy of Fourierism D. model communities in the nineteenth.
2. Which of the following is not given in the passage as one of the general goals of communitarian
philosophers?
A. To remake society B. To spread their ideas throughout the United State
C. To establish ideal communities D. To create opportunities through education.
3. The Shakers are mentioned in paragraph 1 as an example of.......
A. a communal religious group B. radical reformers
C. rationalistic thinkers D. an influential group of writers.
4. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word impetus in paragraph 1?
A. Stimulus B. commitment C. Drawback D. Foundation.
5. The “phalanxes” described in paragraph 2 were an idea originally conceived by....
A. Albert Brisbane B. Robert Owen C. Charles Fourier D. John Humphrey Noyes

Page 5/7

6. Why does the author mention Nathaniel Hawthorne in paragraph two?
A. He founded Brook Farm in Massachusetts.
B. He was a critic of Charles Fourier.
C. He wrote a book that led to the establishment of model communities.
D. He was at one time a member of the Brook Farm community.
7. Which of the following communities lasted longest?
A. New Harmony B. The Oneida Community C. Red Bank D. Brook Farm
8. The word oddest in paragraph 2 is closest meaning to which of the following?
A. Earliest B. Most independent C. Largest D. Most unusual
9. The author implies that, for readers, the conclusion of the paragraph is..........
A. obvious B. surprising C. absurd D. practical
10. Why did the author probably divide the passage into two paragraphs?
A. To compare nineteenth-century reforms with twentieth-century reforms.
B. To present an overview of a concept in the first paragraph and specific examples in the second.
C. To contrast the work of utopian thinkers with that of practical reforms.
D. To give the causes for a phenomenon in the first paragraph and its consequences in the second

Timi · Accepted Answer

1. D. model communities in the nineteenth.
2. D. To create opportunities through education.
3. A. a communal religious group
4. A. Stimulus
5. C. Charles Fourier
6. D. He was at one time a member of the Brook Farm community.
7. B. The Oneida Community
8. D. Most unusual
9. A. obvious
10. B. To present an overview of a concept in the first paragraph and specific examples in the second.

While many nineteenth–century reformers hoped to bring about reform through education or by eliminating specific social evils, some thinkers wanted to start over and remark society by founding ideal, c...