Nuclear family, also called elementary family, in sociology and anthropology, is a group of people who are united by ties of partnership and parenthood and consisting of a pair of adults and their socially recognized children. Typically, but not always, the adults in a nuclear family are married. Although such couples are most often a man and a woman, the definition of the nuclear family has expanded with the advent of same-sex marriage. Children in a nuclear family may be the couple’s biological or adopted offspring.
Thus defined, the nuclear family was once widely held to be the most basic and universal form of social organization. Anthropological research, however, has illuminated so much variability of this form that it is safer to assume that what is universal is a “nuclear family complex” in which the roles of husband, wife, mother, father, son, daughter, brother, and sister are embodied by people whose biological relationships do not necessarily conform to the Western definitions of these terms. In matrilineal societies, for example, a child may be the responsibility not of his biological genitor but of his mother’s brother, who fulfills the roles typical of Western fatherhood.
Closely related in form to the predominant nuclear-family unit are the conjugal family and the consanguineal family. As its name implies, the conjugal family is knit together primarily by the marriage tie and consists of mother, father, their children, and some close relatives. The consanguineal family, on the other hand, typically groups itself around a unlineal descent group known as a lineage, a form that reckons kinship through either the father’s or the mother’s line but not both. Whether a culture is patrilineal or matrilineal, a consanguineal family comprises lineage relatives and consists of parents, their children, and their children’s children. Rules regarding lineage exogamy are common in these groups; within a given community, marriages thus create cross-cutting social and political ties between lineages.
The stability of the conjugal family depends on the quality of the marriage of the husband and wife, a relationship that is more emphasized in the kinds of industrialized, highly mobile societies that frequently demand that people reside away from their kin groups. The consanguineal family derives its stability from its corporate nature and its permanence, as its relationships emphasize the perpetuation of the line.
(Source: https://www.britannica.com/)
Question 18: What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The definition of nuclear familyB. The types of nuclear family
C. The component of nuclear familyD. The relationship of nuclear family
Question 19: According to the passage, the following are members forming a nuclear family, EXCEPT _________.
A. a man and a womanB. a man and a man
C. a woman and a womanD. children and children
Question 20: The word “illuminated” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to __________.
A. changedB. clarifiedC. improvedD. confused
Question 21: According to paragraph 3, which of the following is TRUE?
A. There are some similarities between conjugal and consanguineous family.
B. The conjugal family depends on marriage to knit its members and close relatives.
C. The consanguineous family relies on both father’s and mother’s line to form its group.
D. The consanguineous family only consists parents and their children.
Question 22: The word “lineage” in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by ___________.
A. ancestryB. generationC. insertionD. incorporation
Question 23: What does the word “its” in the last paragraph refer to?
A. the permanence’sB. the nature’s
C. the stability’sD. the consanguineous family’s
Question 24: What does the author imply in the last paragraph?
A. The married couples must maintain the quality of their marriage to meet the demand of modern society.
B. Members in each family must preserve their family’s basement to protect their stability.
C. The permanence of the consanguineous family may emphasize its line in society.
D. The industrialized society probably causes many difficulties for the consanguineous family.
Where smart cities were once regarded purely as a vision of the future, they are now becoming a reality in numerous urban centres across the globe. From Dubai, Singapore, Amsterdam, Copenhagen, and Madrid to Southampton in the UK, we’re already beginning to see smart cities provide inhabitants with improved living conditions, easier mobility and cleaner, safer environments, by using cloud computing to power services. But as with all public sector initiatives, smart city services need to be delivered as cost effectively as possible to minimise the taxpayer burden. Often, key decision makers are met with obstacles when it comes to deploying smart services, preventing smart cities initiatives from reaching their full potential – or worse, blocking them altogether.
Central to the functioning of most ‘normal’ city ecosystems is the underlying data they run on. Regardless as to whether that data is stored on local servers or using cloud storage, when that data is fragmented or incomplete, identifying emerging trends for strategic planning and cost reduction becomes extremely difficult – and because of this, authorities have to adopt an entirely reactive approach. Conversely, in a smart city environment, connected sensors forming an Internet of Things (IoT) provide valuable data for analysis and, in turn, insight into the specific city’s behavioural trends. With this level of information, services can be optimised to reduce costs and risk, increase urban flows and manage assets. Importantly, they can also provide real-time connections and interactions between the city’s businesses, local governments, service providers and citizens.
In this way, operations and services are elevated through the integration and connection of physical devices via IoT networks, ultimately transforming how a city runs.
(Source: https://www.techradar.com/)
Question 25. Which best serves as the title for the passage?
A. A question of data.B. Alignment of minds.
C. Smart city’s supporters.D. The same old route.
Question 26. According to paragraph 1, which statement is correct about the current situation for smart cities?
A. Smart cities promise technological convenience so high service fees are not a problem.
B. Dubai, Amsterdam and Hampton are among the cities advancing the title of “smart”.
C. There still exist many challenges for the institution and development of smart cities.
D. The already successful smart city in the world were the works of policy-makers.
Question 27. The word “they” in paragraph 2 refers to _______.
A. environmentsB. ecosystemsC. servicesD. initiatives
Question 28. According to paragraph 2, what is the matter that the author want to emphasise?
A. Human’s urge to share information.B. The importance of data network.
C. The possibilities of tech disasters.D. The caliber of artificial intelligence.
Question 29. The word “elevated” in paragraph 3 can be replaced by ______.
A. demotedB. controlledC. dignifiedD. upgraded
Scientists from the University of Hanover in Germany say the warming of the Earth's atmosphere has begun to affect plant and animal life around the world. They say global warming is affecting endangered species, sea life and the change in seasonal activities of organisms. Studies show that the Earth's climate has warmed by about six-tenths of one degree Celsius during the past one-hundred years. Most of the increase has taken place in the last thirty years.The German scientists studied different animal and plant populations around the world in the past thirty years. They say some species will disappear because they cannot move to new areas when their home climate gets too warm.
The scientists say one of the biggest signs of climate change has been the worldwide reduction in coral reefs. Rising temperatures in the world's warm ocean waters have caused coral to lose color and die.
In the coldest areas of the world, winter freezing periods are now happening later and ending earlier. Researchers say these changes are having severe effects on animals such as penguins, seals and polar bears.
Changes in temperature and wetness in the air can also affect the reproduction of some reptiles and amphibians. For example, the sex of baby painted turtles is linked to the average temperature in July. Scientists say even small temperature increases can threaten the production of male turtles.
(Source: https://www.manythings.org)
1. Which best serves as the title for the passage?
A. Rising temperaturesB. Effects of Global Warming
C. A study from University of HanoverD. Changes in temperature
2. The word organism can be best replaced by _______.
A. plantB. bodyC. animalD. creature
3. Which of the followings is an example of an amphibian?
A. frogB. snakeC. dogD. duck
4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an effect of global warming?
A. The temperature has risen by 0.6 degree Celsius.B. Some plants and animals have become extinct.
C. Frosty winter lasts longer. D. Some reptiles suffer from a reduction in number.
5. According to the passage, which of the following statements about painted turtles is true?
A. Changes in temperature alter their reproduction habit. B. They increase in number during July.
C. Temperature changes alter the sex ratios of this population.
D. The male turtles outweigh the number of the female.

Question

Nuclear family, also called elementary family, in sociology and anthropology, is a group of people who are united by ties of partnership and parenthood and consisting of a pair of adults and their socially recognized children. Typically, but not always, the adults in a nuclear family are married. Although such couples are most often a man and a woman, the definition of the nuclear family has expanded with the advent of same-sex marriage. Children in a nuclear family may be the couple’s biological or adopted offspring.
Thus defined, the nuclear family was once widely held to be the most basic and universal form of social organization. Anthropological research, however, has illuminated so much variability of this form that it is safer to assume that what is universal is a “nuclear family complex” in which the roles of husband, wife, mother, father, son, daughter, brother, and sister are embodied by people whose biological relationships do not necessarily conform to the Western definitions of these terms. In matrilineal societies, for example, a child may be the responsibility not of his biological genitor but of his mother’s brother, who fulfills the roles typical of Western fatherhood.
Closely related in form to the predominant nuclear-family unit are the conjugal family and the consanguineal family. As its name implies, the conjugal family is knit together primarily by the marriage tie and consists of mother, father, their children, and some close relatives. The consanguineal family, on the other hand, typically groups itself around a unlineal descent group known as a lineage, a form that reckons kinship through either the father’s or the mother’s line but not both. Whether a culture is patrilineal or matrilineal, a consanguineal family comprises lineage relatives and consists of parents, their children, and their children’s children. Rules regarding lineage exogamy are common in these groups; within a given community, marriages thus create cross-cutting social and political ties between lineages.
The stability of the conjugal family depends on the quality of the marriage of the husband and wife, a relationship that is more emphasized in the kinds of industrialized, highly mobile societies that frequently demand that people reside away from their kin groups. The consanguineal family derives its stability from its corporate nature and its permanence, as its relationships emphasize the perpetuation of the line.
​​​(Source: https://www.britannica.com/)
Question 18: What does the passage mainly discuss?
​A. The definition of nuclear family​B. The types of nuclear family
​C. The component of nuclear family​D. The relationship of nuclear family
Question 19: According to the passage, the following are members forming a nuclear family, EXCEPT _________.
​A. a man and a woman​​B. a man and a man​
​C. a woman and a woman​D. children and children
Question 20: The word “illuminated” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to __________.
​A. changed​B. clarified​C. improved​D. confused
Question 21: According to paragraph 3, which of the following is TRUE?
​A. There are some similarities between conjugal and consanguineous family.
​B. The conjugal family depends on marriage to knit its members and close relatives.
​C. The consanguineous family relies on both father’s and mother’s line to form its group.
​D. The consanguineous family only consists parents and their children.
Question 22: The word “lineage” in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by ___________.
​A. ancestry​B. generation​C. insertion​D. incorporation
Question 23: What does the word “its” in the last paragraph refer to?
​A. the permanence’s​​​B. the nature’s
​C. the stability’s​​​D. the consanguineous family’s
Question 24: What does the author imply in the last paragraph?
​A. The married couples must maintain the quality of their marriage to meet the demand of modern society.
​B. Members in each family must preserve their family’s basement to protect their stability.
​C. The permanence of the consanguineous family may emphasize its line in society.
​D. The industrialized society probably causes many difficulties for the consanguineous family.
​Where smart cities were once regarded purely as a vision of the future, they are now becoming a reality in numerous urban centres across the globe. From Dubai, Singapore, Amsterdam, Copenhagen, and Madrid to Southampton in the UK, we’re already beginning to see smart cities provide inhabitants with improved living conditions, easier mobility and cleaner, safer environments, by using cloud computing to power services. But as with all public sector initiatives, smart city services need to be delivered as cost effectively as possible to minimise the taxpayer burden. Often, key decision makers are met with obstacles when it comes to deploying smart services, preventing smart cities initiatives from reaching their full potential – or worse, blocking them altogether.
​Central to the functioning of most ‘normal’ city ecosystems is the underlying data they run on. Regardless as to whether that data is stored on local servers or using cloud storage, when that data is fragmented or incomplete, identifying emerging trends for strategic planning and cost reduction becomes extremely difficult – and because of this, authorities have to adopt an entirely reactive approach. Conversely, in a smart city environment, connected sensors forming an Internet of Things (IoT) provide valuable data for analysis and, in turn, insight into the specific city’s behavioural trends. With this level of information, services can be optimised to reduce costs and risk, increase urban flows and manage assets. Importantly, they can also provide real-time connections and interactions between the city’s businesses, local governments, service providers and citizens.
​In this way, operations and services are elevated through the integration and connection of physical devices via IoT networks, ultimately transforming how a city runs.
​​​​​​​​​(Source: https://www.techradar.com/)
Question 25. Which best serves as the title for the passage?
A. A question of data.​​B. Alignment of minds.
C. Smart city’s supporters.​​D. The same old route.
Question 26. According to paragraph 1, which statement is correct about the current situation for smart cities?
A. Smart cities promise technological convenience so high service fees are not a problem.
B. Dubai, Amsterdam and Hampton are among the cities advancing the title of “smart”.
C. There still exist many challenges for the institution and development of smart cities.
D. The already successful smart city in the world were the works of policy-makers.
Question 27. The word “they” in paragraph 2 refers to _______.
A. environments​B. ecosystems​C. services​D. initiatives
Question 28. According to paragraph 2, what is the matter that the author want to emphasise?
A. Human’s urge to share information.​B. The importance of data network.
C. The possibilities of tech disasters.​D. The caliber of artificial intelligence.
Question 29. The word “elevated” in paragraph 3 can be replaced by ______.
A. demoted​B. controlled​C. dignified​D. upgraded
​Scientists from the University of Hanover in Germany say the warming of the Earth&#x27;s atmosphere has begun to affect plant and animal life around the world. They say global warming is affecting endangered species, sea life and the change in seasonal activities of organisms. Studies show that the Earth&#x27;s climate has warmed by about six-tenths of one degree Celsius during the past one-hundred years. Most of the increase has taken place in the last thirty years.​The German scientists studied different animal and plant populations around the world in the past thirty years. They say some species will disappear because they cannot move to new areas when their home climate gets too warm.
​The scientists say one of the biggest signs of climate change has been the worldwide reduction in coral reefs. Rising temperatures in the world&#x27;s warm ocean waters have caused coral to lose color and die.
​In the coldest areas of the world, winter freezing periods are now happening later and ending earlier. Researchers say these changes are having severe effects on animals such as penguins, seals and polar bears.
​Changes in temperature and wetness in the air can also affect the reproduction of some reptiles and amphibians. For example, the sex of baby painted turtles is linked to the average temperature in July. Scientists say even small temperature increases can threaten the production of male turtles.
(Source: https://www.manythings.org)
1. Which best serves as the title for the passage?
A. Rising temperatures​​B. Effects of Global Warming
C. A study from University of Hanover​D. Changes in temperature
2. The word organism can be best replaced by _______.
​A. plant​B. body​C. animal​D. creature
3. Which of the followings is an example of an amphibian?
​A. frog​B. snake​C. dog​D. duck
4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an effect of global warming?
A. The temperature has risen by 0.6 degree Celsius.​B. Some plants and animals have become extinct.
C. Frosty winter lasts longer. D. Some reptiles suffer from a reduction in number.
5. According to the passage, which of the following statements about painted turtles is true?
A. Changes in temperature alter their reproduction habit.   B. They increase in number during July.
C. Temperature changes alter the sex ratios of this population.
D. The male turtles outweigh the number of the female.

Timi · Accepted Answer

Here are the answers:

18. A. The definition of nuclear family
19. D. children and children
20. B. clarified
21. B. The conjugal family depends on marriage to knit its members and close relatives.
22. A. ancestry
23. D. the consanguineous family’s
24. A. The married couples must maintain the quality of their marriage to meet the demand of modern society.

25. A. A question of data.
26. C. There still exist many challenges for the institution and development of smart cities.
27. C. services
28. B. The importance of data network.
29. D. upgraded

1. B. Effects of Global Warming
2. D. creature
3. A. frog
4. C. Frosty winter lasts longer.
5. C. Temperature changes alter the sex ratios of this population.

Nuclear family, also called elementary family, in sociology and anthropology, is a group of people who are united by ties of partnership and parenthood and consisting of a pair of adults and their soci...