III. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the answer to each of the questions

In recent decades, the development and spread of new information technologies such as satellite television have engendered many debates about the consequences of their use. One of the first writers to see the possibilities of these changes was the American writer Marshall McLuhan, who argued in the 1960’s that communications technology would have two effects: first, it would create a global village where everyone and everything were accessible to the television camera and secondly, that it would become the case that “the medium is the message”, that is, how the message is transmitted would outgrow in importance what the message is.
Other theorists have gone further in arguing that the explosion of, and increasing dependence on, information technology have brought about profound changes in the way society is organised. Some, for example, believe that we can now describe a “post-modern society”, characterised partly by an information-based international division of labour that allows increasing freedom of movement. At the cultural level, distinctions between “high” and “low” culture have disappeared as new technology transmits across class boundaries, while stylistically, form has become more important than substance, and the ubiquity of television means that everything is seen in television codes. McLuhan’s global television-led culture is now with us.
The accuracy of such a description, however, has been questioned. At one level, many people are reluctant to accept any argument that technology can lead to social and economic changes, arguing instead that the relationship is exactly the other way round. In other words, they are critical of any tendency to technological determinism. Furthermore, evidence can be cited that queries the notion that information technology has spread evenly throughout the world or even throughout Britain. This has been described as the uneven development of the information economy. Many areas of Great Britain, for example, are not yet equipped with the on-line communications systems necessary to receive technologies such as cable and interactive television, and the take-up of these technologies varies according to socio-economic factors. We are still a long way from the full-scale and comprehensive implementation of the information super-highway.
What does seem to be the case, however, is that the stereotypical image of the nuclear family sitting together in the front room cheerfully choosing their evening’s viewing from a limited range of television stations is disappearing. This is partly due to the increased number of sets per household as well as the rapid growth in the number of channels, a development mirrored by the niche marketing of magazines to a multiplicity of interest groups. The amount of time spent watching television per head has stabilised in recent years to around 27 hours a week. Women watch on average four more hours of television per week than men and all statistics show a relationship between social class and viewing.
This is not to say that diversity and choice have necessarily been achieved. It remains the case that satellite television caters for mass-appeal interests such as music, sport, news, children’s programmes and American films and light entertainment, ignoring many disadvantaged social groups. New media technologies have not empowered people in the sense that there are increased numbers of community-based television networks. In Britain, it is no less valid today to describe a mass culture based on a centrally directed mass media.
Doubts have also been raised about the ability of satellite stations to succeed in creating a global television culture. Rupert Murdoch is widely known to own substantial parts of the global media industry. A few years ago, he added a controlling share of StarTV to his collection, meaning that he gained access to 2.5 billion people in 50 countries or forty percent of the world’s television sets, in a region stretching from Jordan to Japan. Capturing the market in India, however, and American mega-series such as Baywatch and L.A Law, has not been as straightforward as first imagined. Cultural differences are complicated in a nation of 18 official languages and further compounded when you consider the staggering figure of 1,700 dialects. Hindi films transmitted by the state broadcasting network still rank a coveted first in the ratings table. Murdoch’s response to this realisation was to immediately buy into a local TV station as well. Indian culture, for the present at least, remains resistant to western broadcasting and highlights that the creation of a global mass culture will not be solely induced by technology.
1. Marshall McLuhan envisaged a world where ______
A. everyone would make use of a TV camera for their own sake.
B. content of less significance would be displayed on TV.
C. TV would assist the understanding between people regardless of their backgrounds.
D. the impact of information would be lessened by TV.
2. As described by theorists, in a “post-modern” society______
A. artistic creativity is highly appreciated and promoted by critics.
B. a range of choices available for people is confined to a fixed number of options.
C. the supremacy of television over other forms of media is challenged.
D. “high” and “low” cultures start to intermingle with the other.
3. Accounts of a TV-led society have been put into question by______
A. proof underscoring the inverse relationship between technology and cultural changes.
B. evidence indicating the equilibrium in the distribution of technology across regions.
C. people expressing resistance to shifts in their mindsets.
D. the influence of an information-based economy on the ubiquity of television.
4. Which of the following reflects the present-day prevalent situation regarding households?
A. A household gathers and views TV in a convivial atmosphere.
B. Family members no longer enjoy spending time watching TV with others.
C. An extended family congregates and watches TV with no signs of happiness.
D. Nuclear families gradually disintegrate as a result of technology.
5. What is cited as a possible explanation for the changes witnessed at familial level?
A. The media’s ability to target specific audiences.
B. The stability of time devoted to watching TV.
C. Less transparent boundaries among social strata.
D. The rise in the number of sets within every household.
6. According to the passage, satellite television has ______
A. enabled the incorporation of less serious content into news of more solemn concern.
B. instigated the flourishing of networks within the community.
C. boosted the decentralization of the mass media.
D. been of little benefit to minority groups in the society.
7. The example of Rupert Murdoch aids the author’s argumentation because it illustrates the point that ______
A. Higher share of a market does not necessarily mean that a person has successfully brought the culture of his country of origin to the region.
B. Uphill challenges need to be overcome should a person yearn to corner the market in western broadcasting.
C. The cultural homogenization across the world is hindered by people’s attitudes.
D. The potential for winning attention greatly relies on the ability of a businessman to respond to the demands of the destined market.
8. From the passage, it can be deduced that ______
A. Television has been of immeasurable importance to the homogenization of the world’s culture.
B. Advanced technologies notwithstanding, a global mass culture has yet to emerge.
C. Headway towards an egalitarian society has been countervailing, as it has widened the gulfs between classes within the society.
D. Television has been a factor in the formation of new cultures, but it should not be considered as the most significant.
9. In general, the writer’s view of “technology” is that it ______
A. wields an enviable power to drive social change.
B. has the ability to emancipate the enslaved peoples.
C. has intuitively changed our habits.
D. is not of paramount import in cultural change.
10. In the passage as a whole, the author’s tone seems most likely to be ______.
A. indifferent B. critical C. objective D. Sarcastic

IV. Read the pasage and do the tasks that follow
List of headings
i. How the study of body language has changed
ii. A possible business application of body language
iii. Using body language as a tool to deceive others
iv. Communicating a wide range of messages
v. A branch of an older academic field
vi. The need for skill when interpreting body language
vii. Recognising a positive attitude without realising it
viii. How power is linked with certain family roles
ix. A form of body language that can be misinterpreted
x. Imitating the chief person in a group
xi. Ignoring signals from other people 1. Paragraph A: _____
2. Paragraph B: _____
3. Paragraph C: _____
4. Paragraph D: _____
5. Paragraph E: _____
6. Paragraph F: _____
7. Paragraph G: _____
8. Paragraph H: _____

KINESICS
A. Psychology is a well-established subject, but one area of it, “kinesics”- the study of body language – was not identified until 1952, and research only began in earnest in the 1960s. Kinesics is based on the behavioral patterns of non-verbal communication. Clinical studies have revealed the extent to which body language can actually contradict verbal communications. A classic example is the young woman who told her psychiatrist that she loved her boyfriend very much while shaking her head from side to side in subconscious denial.
B. Body language also sheds light on the dynamics of interfamily relationships. A family sitting together can give a revealing picture of itself simply by the way its members move their arms and legs. If the mother, for example, crosses her legs first and the rest of the family then follows suit,
she has set the lead for the family action, though she, as well as the rest of the family may not be aware she is doing it. In fact, her words may deny her leadership as she asks her husband or children for advice. But the unspoken, follow-the-leader clue in the actions of the family members gives the family set-up away to someone knowledgeable in kinesics.
C. Another kinesic signal is the unconscious widening of a person’s pupils when their eyes see something pleasant. Experiments have shown that we become aware of how that person feels, although we are conscious neither of seeing the signal nor of giving it meaning.
D. This kinesic principle has been used on a commercial level to detect the effect of a television advertisement. While the ad is being shown to a selected audience, their eyes are photographed. Later, the film is carefully studied to detect just when there is any widening of the eye; in other words, when there is any unconscious, positive response to the advertisement.
E. Body language can include any volutionary or involutionary movement of a part or all the body, used by a person to communicate an emotional message to the outside world. To understand this unspoken body language, kinesics experts often have to take into consideration cultural and environmental differences. The average person, unschooled in cultural nuances of body language, is often mistaken when decoding what he or she sees.
F. In addition to sending and receiving messages, body language can also serve to break through defences, if it is used skillfully. Often the swiftest and most obvious type of body language is touch. The touch of a hand, or an arm around someone’s shoulder, can spell a more vivid and direct message of friendliness than dozens of words. But such a touch must come at the right moment and in the right context, or the other person may take it as an intrusion into his or her personal space. For every situation there must be two elements to body language: the delivery of the message and the reception of the message.
G. However, some people are “touchers”, compulsive touchers, who seem completely impervious to all messages they may get from friends and acquaintances. They are people who will touch others even though they are bombarded with body-language requests not to. There are also people who avoid touching others altogether.
H. We act out our state of being with non-verbal body language. We lift one eyebrow for disbelief, shrug our shoulders for indifference, tap our fingers for impatience. The gestures are numerous, and while some are deliberate and others are almost deliberate, there are some, such as rubbing under our noses for puzzlement or clasping our arms to protect ourselves, that are mostly unconscious. Kinesics is a study of the mixture of all body movements, from the very deliberate to the completely unconscious, from those that apply only in one culture to those that cut across all cultural barriers.
Questions 9-13. Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in the reading passage? Write
YES if the statement reflects the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
9. Little work was done in the field of kinesics for the first few years after the subject had been identified.
10. Family leaders consistently show their dominance through speech and body language.
11. The use of kinesics in connection with television advertising has increased sales of products.
12. Touching may be regarded as an unwelcome gesture.

Question 13. Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D
The writer’s intention is
A. to present recent findings in kinesics to specialists.
B. to introduce kinesics to general readers.
C. to examine weaknesses in kinesics.
D. to identify the scientific basis of kinesics.
C. WRITING

I. Write the new sentences using the given word. Do not change the word given in any way.
1. I said that I thought he was wrong about the best way for us to proceed. (issue)
I ___________________________________________ best we should proceed.
2. He didn’t want to get into a position where he might lose all his money. (possibility)
He didn’t want to expose _______________________________________________ all his money.
3. Her work didn’t meet the standards that were considered acceptable. (conform)
Her work ___________________________________________ acceptable standards.
4. He had no idea what was going to happen to him when he walked into that room. (store)
Little ______________________________________________ him when he walked into that room.
5. He became famous, but it cost him his privacy. (expense)
His rise _________________________________________________ of his privacy.
6. We don’t expect that the missing climbers have survived. (HOLD)
______________________________________________________________________
7. Pauline isn’t one of the people who know the secret.( ON)
______________________________________________________________________

Question

III. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the answer to each of the questions

In recent decades, the development and spread of new information technologies such as satellite television have engendered many debates about the consequences of their use. One of the first writers to see the possibilities of these changes was the American writer Marshall McLuhan, who argued in the 1960’s that communications technology would have two effects: first, it would create a global village where everyone and everything were accessible to the television camera and secondly, that it would become the case that “the medium is the message”, that is, how the message is transmitted would outgrow in importance what the message is.
Other theorists have gone further in arguing that the explosion of, and increasing dependence on, information technology have brought about profound changes in the way society is organised. Some, for example, believe that we can now describe a “post-modern society”, characterised partly by an information-based international division of labour that allows increasing freedom of movement. At the cultural level, distinctions between “high” and “low” culture have disappeared as new technology transmits across class boundaries, while stylistically, form has become more important than substance, and the ubiquity of television means that everything is seen in television codes. McLuhan’s global television-led culture is now with us. 
The accuracy of such a description, however, has been questioned. At one level, many people are reluctant to accept any argument that technology can lead to social and economic changes, arguing instead that the relationship is exactly the other way round. In other words, they are critical of any tendency to technological determinism. Furthermore, evidence can be cited that queries the notion that information technology has spread evenly throughout the world or even throughout Britain. This has been described as the uneven development of the information economy. Many areas of Great Britain, for example, are not yet equipped with the on-line communications systems necessary to receive technologies such as cable and interactive television, and the take-up of these technologies varies according to socio-economic factors. We are still a long way from the full-scale and comprehensive implementation of the information super-highway.    
What does seem to be the case, however, is that the stereotypical image of the nuclear family sitting together in the front room cheerfully choosing their evening’s viewing from a limited range of television stations is disappearing. This is partly due to the increased number of sets per household as well as the rapid growth in the number of channels, a development mirrored by the niche marketing of magazines to a multiplicity of interest groups. The amount of time spent watching television per head has stabilised in recent years to around 27 hours a week. Women watch on average four more hours of television per week than men and all statistics show a relationship between social class and viewing.
This is not to say that diversity and choice have necessarily been achieved. It remains the case that satellite television caters for mass-appeal interests such as music, sport, news, children’s programmes and American films and light entertainment, ignoring many disadvantaged social groups. New media technologies have not empowered people in the sense that there are increased numbers of community-based television networks. In Britain, it is no less valid today to describe a mass culture based on a centrally directed mass media. 
Doubts have also been raised about the ability of satellite stations to succeed in creating a global television culture. Rupert Murdoch is widely known to own substantial parts of the global media industry. A few years ago, he added a controlling share of StarTV to his collection, meaning that he gained access to 2.5 billion people in 50 countries or forty percent of the world’s television sets,  in a region stretching from Jordan to Japan. Capturing the market in India, however, and American mega-series such as Baywatch and L.A Law, has not been as straightforward as first imagined. Cultural differences are complicated in a nation of 18 official languages and further compounded when you consider the staggering figure of 1,700 dialects. Hindi films transmitted by the state broadcasting network still rank a coveted first in the ratings table. Murdoch’s response to this realisation was to immediately buy into a local TV station as well. Indian culture, for the present at least, remains resistant to western broadcasting and highlights that the creation of a global mass culture will not be solely induced by technology.     
1. Marshall McLuhan envisaged a world where ______
A. everyone would make use of a TV camera for their own sake.
B. content of less significance would be displayed on TV.
C. TV would assist the understanding between people regardless of their backgrounds.
D. the impact of information would be lessened by TV.
2. As described by theorists, in a “post-modern” society______
A. artistic creativity is highly appreciated and promoted by critics. 
B. a range of choices available for people is confined to a fixed number of options. 
C. the supremacy of television over other forms of media is challenged. 
D. “high” and “low” cultures start to intermingle with the other. 
3. Accounts of a TV-led society have been put into question by______
A. proof underscoring the inverse relationship between technology and cultural changes.
B. evidence indicating the equilibrium in the distribution of technology across regions.
C. people expressing resistance to shifts in their mindsets.
D. the influence of an information-based economy on the ubiquity of television.
4. Which of the following reflects the present-day prevalent situation regarding households? 
A. A household gathers and views TV in a convivial atmosphere. 
B. Family members no longer enjoy spending time watching TV with others.
C. An extended family congregates and watches TV with no signs of happiness.
D. Nuclear families gradually disintegrate as a result of technology.
5. What is cited as a possible explanation for the changes witnessed at familial level?
A. The media’s ability to target specific audiences.
B. The stability of time devoted to watching TV.
C. Less transparent boundaries among social strata. 
D. The rise in the number of sets within every household. 
6. According to the passage, satellite television has ______
A. enabled the incorporation of less serious content into news of more solemn concern.
B. instigated the flourishing of networks within the community.
C. boosted the decentralization of the mass media.
D. been of little benefit to minority groups in the society.
7. The example of Rupert Murdoch aids the author’s argumentation because it illustrates the point that ______
A. Higher share of a market does not necessarily mean that a person has successfully brought the culture of his country of origin to the region.
B. Uphill challenges need to be overcome should a person yearn to corner the market in western broadcasting. 
C. The cultural homogenization across the world is hindered by people’s attitudes. 
D. The potential for winning attention greatly relies on the ability of a businessman to respond to the demands of the destined market. 
8. From the passage, it can be deduced that ______
A. Television has been of immeasurable importance to the homogenization of the world’s culture. 
B. Advanced technologies notwithstanding, a global mass culture has yet to emerge. 
C. Headway towards an egalitarian society has been countervailing, as it has widened the gulfs between classes within the society.
D. Television has been a factor in the formation of new cultures, but it should not be considered as the most significant.
9. In general, the writer’s view of “technology” is that it ______
A. wields an enviable power to drive social change.
B. has the ability to emancipate the enslaved peoples. 
C. has intuitively changed our habits. 
D. is not of paramount import in cultural change. 
10. In the passage as a whole, the author’s tone seems most likely to be ______.
A. indifferent			B. critical		C. objective		D. Sarcastic

IV. Read the pasage and do the tasks that follow
List of headings 
i. How the study of body language has changed 
ii. A possible business application of body language 
iii. Using body language as a tool to deceive others 
iv. Communicating a wide range of messages 
v. A branch of an older academic field 
vi. The need for skill when interpreting body language 
vii. Recognising a positive attitude without realising it 
viii. How power is linked with certain family roles 
ix. A form of body language that can be misinterpreted 
x. Imitating the chief person in a group 
xi. Ignoring signals from other people 	1. Paragraph A: _____ 
2. Paragraph B: _____ 
3. Paragraph C: _____ 
4. Paragraph D: _____ 
5. Paragraph E: _____ 
6. Paragraph F: _____ 
7. Paragraph G: _____ 
8. Paragraph H: _____

KINESICS
A. Psychology is a well-established subject, but one area of it, “kinesics”- the study of body  language – was not identified until 1952, and research only began in earnest in the 1960s. Kinesics  is based on the behavioral patterns of non-verbal communication. Clinical studies have revealed  the extent to which body language can actually contradict verbal communications. A classic  example is the young woman who told her psychiatrist that she loved her boyfriend very much  while shaking her head from side to side in subconscious denial.  
B. Body language also sheds light on the dynamics of interfamily relationships. A family sitting  together can give a revealing picture of itself simply by the way its members move their arms and  legs. If the mother, for example, crosses her legs first and the rest of the family then follows suit, 
she has set the lead for the family action, though she, as well as the rest of the family may not be  aware she is doing it. In fact, her words may deny her leadership as she asks her husband or  children for advice. But the unspoken, follow-the-leader clue in the actions of the family members  gives the family set-up away to someone knowledgeable in kinesics. 
C. Another kinesic signal is the unconscious widening of a person’s pupils when their eyes see  something pleasant. Experiments have shown that we become aware of how that person feels,  although we are conscious neither of seeing the signal nor of giving it meaning. 
D. This kinesic principle has been used on a commercial level to detect the effect of a television  advertisement. While the ad is being shown to a selected audience, their eyes are photographed.  Later, the film is carefully studied to detect just when there is any widening of the eye; in other  words, when there is any unconscious, positive response to the advertisement. 
E. Body language can include any volutionary or involutionary movement of a part or all the body,  used by a person to communicate an emotional message to the outside world. To understand this  unspoken body language, kinesics experts often have to take into consideration cultural and  environmental differences. The average person, unschooled in cultural nuances of body language,  is often mistaken when decoding what he or she sees.  
F. In addition to sending and receiving messages, body language can also serve to break through  defences, if it is used skillfully. Often the swiftest and most obvious type of body language is  touch. The touch of a hand, or an arm around someone’s shoulder, can spell a more vivid and direct  message of friendliness than dozens of words. But such a touch must come at the right moment  and in the right context, or the other person may take it as an intrusion into his or her personal  space. For every situation there must be two elements to body language: the delivery of the  message and the reception of the message.  
G. However, some people are “touchers”, compulsive touchers, who seem completely impervious  to all messages they may get from friends and acquaintances. They are people who will touch  others even though they are bombarded with body-language requests not to. There are also people  who avoid touching others altogether. 
H. We act out our state of being with non-verbal body language. We lift one eyebrow for disbelief,  shrug our shoulders for indifference, tap our fingers for impatience. The gestures are numerous,  and while some are deliberate and others are almost deliberate, there are some, such as rubbing  under our noses for puzzlement or clasping our arms to protect ourselves, that are mostly  unconscious. Kinesics is a study of the mixture of all body movements, from the very deliberate  to the completely unconscious, from those that apply only in one culture to those that cut across  all cultural barriers.  
Questions 9-13. Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in the reading  passage? Write  
YES 		if the statement reflects the claims of the writer 
NO 		if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer 
NOT GIVEN 	if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 
9. Little work was done in the field of kinesics for the first few years after the subject had been  identified. 
10. Family leaders consistently show their dominance through speech and body language. 
11. The use of kinesics in connection with television advertising has increased sales of products. 
12. Touching may be regarded as an unwelcome gesture.

Question 13. Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D
The writer’s intention is 
A. to present recent findings in kinesics to specialists. 
B. to introduce kinesics to general readers. 
C. to examine weaknesses in kinesics. 
D. to identify the scientific basis of kinesics. 
C. WRITING

I. Write the new sentences using the given word. Do not change the word given in any way. 
1. I said that I thought he was wrong about the best way for us to proceed. (issue)
I ___________________________________________ best we should proceed. 
2. He didn’t want to get into a position where he might lose all his money. (possibility) 
He didn’t want to expose _______________________________________________ all his money. 
3. Her work didn’t meet the standards that were considered acceptable. (conform) 
Her work ___________________________________________ acceptable standards. 
4. He had no idea what was going to happen to him when he walked into that room. (store)
Little ______________________________________________ him when he walked into that room. 
5. He became famous, but it cost him his privacy. (expense)
His rise _________________________________________________ of his privacy. 
6. We don’t expect that the missing climbers have survived. (HOLD)
______________________________________________________________________
7. Pauline isn’t one of the people who know the secret.( ON)
______________________________________________________________________

Accepted Answer

1. C. TV would assist the understanding between people regardless of their backgrounds.

2. D. “high” and “low” cultures start to intermingle with the other.

3. A. proof underscoring the inverse relationship between technology and cultural changes.

4. D. Nuclear families gradually disintegrate as a result of technology (not literally disintegrate, but rather the stereotypical image of nuclear families is disappearing).

5. D. The rise in the number of sets within every household.

6. D. been of little benefit to minority groups in the society.

7. C. The cultural homogenization across the world is hindered by people’s attitudes.

8. B. Advanced technologies notwithstanding, a global mass culture has yet to emerge.

9. D. is not of paramount import in cultural change.

10. B. critical

1. Paragraph A: v
2. Paragraph B: viii
3. Paragraph C: vii
4. Paragraph D: ii
5. Paragraph E: iv
6. Paragraph F: vi
7. Paragraph G: x
8. Paragraph H: i

9. YES
10. NO
11. NOT GIVEN
12. YES
13. B

Here are the rewritten sentences:

1. I said that I thought he was wrong about the best way for us to proceed. (issue)
I felt that it was an issue about the best way we should proceed.

2. He didn’t want to get into a position where he might lose all his money. (possibility)
He didn’t want to expose himself to the possibility of losing all his money.

3. Her work didn’t meet the standards that were considered acceptable. (conform)
Her work failed to conform to acceptable standards.

4. He had no idea what was going to happen to him when he walked into that room. (store)
Little did he know what store was in for him when he walked into that room.

5. He became famous, but it cost him his privacy. (expense)
His rise to fame came at the expense of his privacy.

6. We don’t expect that the missing climbers have survived. (HOLD)
We hold little hope that the missing climbers have survived.

7. Pauline isn’t one of the people who know the secret. (ON)
Pauline isn’t on the list of people who know the secret.

III. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the answer to each of the questions In recent decades, the development and spread of new information...