- We switched off the lights before we went to bed. => Having switched off the lights, we went to bed.
- The boy asked his mother's permission and then went out to play. => Having asked his mother's permission, the boy went out to play.
- Since I had not seen him for ages, I didn't recognize him. => Not having seen him for ages, I didn't recognize him.
- She had been to the disco the night before and overslept in the morning. => Having been to the disco the night before, she overslept in the morning.
- We had worked in the garden all day and were sunburned in the evening. => Having worked in the garden all day, we were sunburned in the evening.
Giải thích:
Mệnh đề phân từ hoàn thành (perfect participle clause) được dùng để diễn tả một hành động xảy ra trước một hành động khác trong quá khứ.
Công thức chung: Having + V3/ed
Khi dùng mệnh đề phân từ hoàn thành, ta có thể lược bỏ chủ ngữ nếu chủ ngữ của hai vế câu là giống nhau.